A VO2peak prediction model in older adults' patients with Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiopulmonary function is compromised in people with Parkinson's Disease (PD) and might be related with mortality in advanced stages of the disease. Therefore, estimating the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) to monitor its progression overtime and to prescribe exercise is important in clinical context. This study aimed at developing a VO2peak prediction model for older adults' patients with PD based on functional tests used in the physiotherapy clinical settings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen patients with PD (63.8 ± 6.6 years old) took part in the study. All participants underwent a basic anthropometry, functional tests, fulfilled a physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-S) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycle ergometer. Linear regression and distributional assumptions were performed to develop the prediction model. The Bland-Altman plots were applied for the agreement analysis. RESULTS: The best prediction model included gender, age, waist circumference, BMI, IPAQ-S score, and SPPB functional test score (R2 = 0.87; estimation error: 2.19 ml·kg·min-1; p < 0.001). The distribution assumptions showed validity of the model (p > 0.05), the estimation bias showed a mean of 0.0056 and no pair of data were outside the limits of agreement according to the Bland-Altman diagram. CONCLUSIONS: Accessible, simple, and low-cost variables were useful for validly predicting VO2peak in patients with PD.

The role of motivation and life satisfaction on chilean university students' physical activity and sedentary behavior / O papel da motivação e satisfação com a vida na atividade física e comportamento sedentário de estudantes universitários chilenos

ABSTRACT Motivation is a fundamental element for the practice of physical activity and the feeling of satisfaction with life. However, little is known about the role of such psychological variables in the lifestyle of Chilean university students. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between life satisfaction and the regulations of motivation and to compare such variables by physical activity level and sedentary behaviour of university students. The sample comprised 95 Chilean university students (63.2% female), with a mean age of 20.92 ± 1.98 years. The instruments were the IPAQ, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. Descriptive measures, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Student's t-tests were used to analyse the data. The results revealed positive and significant correlations between life satisfaction and intrinsic (r = 0,44), integrated (r = 0,38), and identified (r = 0,41) regulation. Students with high levels of physical activity scored higher for intrinsic, integrated, and identified regulation. Those who reported low sedentary behaviour showed higher identified regulation. Therefore, it is suggested that students' motivational regulation may differ on some dimensions as those with higher levels of physical activity show more adaptive motivational regulation. Identified regulation also seems to play an important role in decreasing sedentary behaviour.

RESUMO A motivação é elemento fundamental para a prática de atividade física e o sentimento de satisfação com a vida. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o papel de tais variáveis psicológicas no estilo de vida de estudantes universitários chilenos. Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar as relações entre a satisfação com a vida e as regulações da motivação, e comparar tais variáveis em função do nível de atividade física e do comportamento sedentário de estudantes universitários. A amostra foi composta por 95 estudantes universitários chilenos (63,2% do gênero feminino), com idade média de 20,92 ± 1,98 anos. Os instrumentos avaliados foram o IPAQ, a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida e o Questionário de Regulação do Comportamento do Exercício. Medidas descritivas, coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e testes t de Student foram utilizados para analisar os dados. Os resultados revelaram correlações positivas e significativas entre satisfação com a vida e regulação intrínseca (r = 0,44), integrada (r = 0,38) e identificada (r = 0,41). Os estudantes com alto nível de atividade física obtiveram maiores pontuações para regulação intrínseca, integrada e identificada. Os indivíduos que reportaram menor comportamento sedentário possuíam maior regulação identificada. Desse modo, sugere-se que a regulação motivacional dos estudantes pode ser diferente em algumas dimensões, sendo que os indivíduos com maior nível de atividade física semanal demonstram regulações motivacionais mais adaptativas. A regulação identificada também parece desempenhar um papel importante para a redução do comportamento sedentário.

Exploring the relationship between physical literacy levels, engagement and emotionality in physical education classes / Explorando a relação entre os níveis de alfabetização física, engajamento e emotividade nas aulas de educação física

ABSTRACT For the researchers, physical literacy (AFi) is the objective to be achieved in Physical Education, for seeking competent subjects, capable of adhering to physical activity throughout their lives, with continuous personal, social, affective, and physical development. Quantitative, descriptive-correlational research was carried out, with a non-experimental design and a non-probabilistic sample of 322 subjects, students from 12 to 18 years old from private, public, and subsidized schools in Talca, Chile. The aim was to relate the level of AFi, engagement and perceived emotionality. Data were collected by the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI), Behavioral Engagement Questionnaire (BEQ) and Scale for Mood Assessment (EVEA). A positive relationship was identified with a higher level of physical literacy, higher levels of happiness (r=0.37) and emotional engagement (r=0.54), decreasing the indexes of hostility (r=-0.25) and the private establishments reach the highest levels of anxiety (X̅=3.2). It is concluded that the higher the level of AFi, the greater the commitment and the greater the regulation of emotional factors.

RESUMO A alfabetização física (AFi) é o objetivo para os pesquisadores na Educação Física, buscando sujeitos competentes e capazes de aderir à atividade física ao longo de suas vidas, com desenvolvimento contínuo pessoal, social, afetivo e físico. Esta pesquisa é de natureza quantitativa, descritiva-correlacional, com um desenho não experimental e uma amostra não probabilística de 322 sujeitos, estudantes de 12 a 18 anos de escolas particulares, municipais e subsidiadas na cidade de Talca, Chile. O objetivo foi relacionar o nível de AFi, comprometimento e emocionalidade percebida. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI), Behavioral Engagement Questionnaire (BEQ) e Escala de Avaliação do Estado de Ânimo (EVEA). Identificou-se uma relação positiva com um maior nível de alfabetização física, maior nível de alegria (r=0,37) e comprometimento emocional (r=0,54), diminuindo os índices de hostilidade (r=-0,25). As escolas particulares atingem os níveis mais altos de ansiedade (X̅=3,2). Conclui-se que um maior nível de AFi está associado a um maior comprometimento e maior regulação dos fatores emocionais.

Level of physical activity of a male prison population measured with the IPAQ questionnaire.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the level of physical activity of a male prison population measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), correlating years of sentence and age range. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Non-experimental cross-sectional and descriptive study. The data was collected through the short version IPAQ questionnaire. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, and an inferential analysis was carried out, with a P ≥ 0.05. RESULTS: The questionnaire was applied to a sample of 100 male prisoners from the city of Talca, Chile. They were grouped firstly into years of sentence and then by age range, obtaining a result from the evaluated population that shows moderate level of physical activity despite the context of confinement, in which walking is the activity that generates more MET's among the sample. There are no significant differences between the evaluated groups. DISCUSSION: The evaluated population shows a lower level of physical activity than a similar group in other countries, although they show better levels of physical activity when they are compared to the Chilean general public. Walking, which prisoners do every day in the modules and shared spaces in prison, is found to be a protective factor against chronic non-communicable diseases.

A Six-Minute Walk Test: Oxygen Uptake and Distance Predicted / Prueba de Caminata de Seis Minutos: Consumo de Oxígeno y Distancia Predicha

Abstract Background: Maximum oxygen consumption is an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Aim: The purpose was, first, to relate and compare the V̇O2max as the dependent variable with the estimated distance in the six-minute walk test (SMWT) as the independent variable in university students and, secondly, to relate the distance (dependent) with demographic and anthropometric variables (independents). Methodology: A correlational, descriptive, and quantitative study with a non-experimental design was conducted on 110 university students. In the study, basic anthropometry and vital signs were measured. A direct method of V̇O2max (Bruce test) on a treadmill was applied. Then, the distance covered in the SMWT was evaluated with two equations available in the scientific literature. Differences between men and women were measured in the tests, the correlation between the distances estimated with V̇O2max and anthropometric variables, and repeated ANOVA measurement tests between V̇O2max and estimated distance were analyzed with the SPSS v.22 program (p<0.05). Results: Significant correlations were found between V̇O2max and estimated distances (p<0.05) in the total sample, men and women, and in some cases, the distance correlated with gender, age, weight, height, and BMI (p<0.05). However, there were differences between V̇O2max and distances estimated in the SMWT (p<0.001). Conclusions: The V̇O2max measurement method is different from the distance prediction equations, although they have a significant relationship.

Resumen Antecedentes: El consumo máximo de oxígeno es un indicador de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria. Objetivo: El objetivo fue relacionar y comparar el V̇O2máx. como variable dependiente con la distancia estimada en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos (PC6M) como variable independiente en estudiantes universitarios, a la vez relacionar la distancia (dependiente) con variables demográficas y antropométricas (independientes). Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal, y descriptivo-correlacional en el que participaron 110 estudiantes universitarios. Se midió antropometría básica y signos vitales, y se aplicó un método directo de V̇O2máx. (Test de Bruce) en cinta rodante, luego se estimó la distancia recorrida en PC6M con dos ecuaciones disponibles en la literatura. Diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en las pruebas aplicadas, correlación entre las distancias estimadas con el V̇O2máx. y variables antropométricas, y la prueba de ANOVA de medidas repetidas entre el V̇O2máx. y las distancias estimadas fueron utilizadas con el programa SPSS v.22 (p<0,05). Resultados: Se encontró correlaciones significativas entre el V̇O2máx. y distancias estimadas (p<0,05) en la muestra, en hombres y mujeres, y en algunos casos la distancia se correlacionó con el sexo, la edad, el peso, la estatura y el IMC (p<0,05). Sin embargo, hubo diferencias entre el V̇O2máx. y las distancias estimadas en la PC6M (p<0,001). Conclusiones: El método directo de V̇O2máx. es distinto de las ecuaciones de predicción de distancia, aunque tienen relación significativa.

Resumo Antecedentes: O consumo máximo de oxigênio é um indicador de aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Objetivo: O objetivo é relacionar e comparar a V̇O2 máx. como variável dependente com a distância estimada no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) como uma variável independente em estudantes universitários, ao mesmo tempo, relacionar a distância (dependente) com variáveis demográficas e antropométricas (independente). Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, não-experimental, transversal, descritivo-correlativo, no qual participaram 110 estudantes universitários. Antropometria básica e sinais vitais foram medidos, e um método direto de V̇O2 máx. (teste Bruce) foi aplicado na esteira, então a distância coberta em TC6M foi estimada com duas equações disponíveis na literatura. Diferenças entre homens e mulheres nos testes aplicados, correlação entre distâncias estimadas com V̇O2 máx. e variáveis antropométricas, e medidas repetidas teste ANOVA entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas foram usadas com SPSS v.22 (p<0,05). Resultados: Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas (p<0,05) na amostra, em homens e mulheres, e em alguns casos a distância correlacionada com sexo, idade, peso, altura e IMC (p<0,05). Entretanto, houve diferenças entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas em TC6M (p<0,001). Conclusões: O método direto de V̇O2 máx. é diferente das equações de previsão de distância, embora elas tenham relações significativas.

Tendencia de consejerías en actividad física y enfermedades cardiometabólicas en el Maule, Chile: estudio previo a pandemia por COVID-19 entre 2012 y 2019 / Trend in Physical Activity Counseling and Cardiometabolic Diseases in Maule, Chile: COVID-19 Pre-Pandemic Study between 2012 and 2019

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) practice reduces the adverse effects of COVID-19. PA counseling promotes healthy lifestyles and prevents cardiometabolic diseases. AIM: To assess the trend in cases of PA counseling and the cardiometabolic disease between 2012 and 2019 (before COVID-19) in a southern Chilean region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of Maule Region Health Service for 731.163 men, and 829.097 women aged < 10 to ≥ 65 years were analyzed. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) during the study period and the annual percentage change (APC) during intermediate periods, were calculated. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in PA counseling in women in the study period (AAPC: −13.6%). In the 2012-2017 period a significant decrease in counseling for total, men and women were observed (APC: −18.1, −16.5 and −19.1%, respectively). Obesity increased significantly in total, men and women in the 2012-2019 period (AAPC: 10.1, 8.5 and 10.7%, respectively). The same trend was observed for hypertension (AAPC: 8.1, 8.5 and 7.6% respectively) and elevated blood glucose (AAPC: 10, 11.5 and 9.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In the study period PA counseling decreased along with an increase in obesity, hypertension and high blood glucose. Increasing PA counseling is a mainstay in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases and probably to prevent contagion and complement the treatment of COVID-19.

Estimated Oxygen Consumption with the Abbreviated Method and Its Association with Vaccination and PCR Tests for COVID-19 from Socio-Demographic, Anthropometric, Lifestyle, and Morbidity Outcomes in Chilean Adults.

COVID-19 causes cardiovascular and lung problems that can be aggravated by confinement, but the practice of physical activity (PA) could lessen these effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) with vaccination and PCR tests in apparently healthy Chilean adults. An observational and cross-sectional study was performed, in which 557 people from south-central Chile participated, who answered an online questionnaire on the control of COVID-19, demographic data, lifestyles, and diagnosis of non-communicable diseases. V˙O2max was estimated with an abbreviated method. With respect to the unvaccinated, those who received the first (OR:0.52 [CI:0.29;0.95], p = 0.019) and second vaccine (OR:0.33 [CI:0.18;0.59], p = 0.0001) were less likely to have an increased V˙O2max. The first vaccine was inversely associated with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min) (ß:−1.68 [CI:−3.06; −0.3], p = 0.017), adjusted for BMI (ß:−1.37 [CI:−2.71; −0.03], p = 0.044) and by demographic variables (ß:−1.82 [CI:−3.18; −0.46], p = 0.009); similarly occur for the second vaccine (ß: between −2.54 and −3.44, p < 0.001) on models with and without adjustment. Having taken a PCR test was not significantly associated with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min). It is concluded that vaccination significantly decreased V˙O2max, although it did not indicate cause and effect. There is little evidence of this interaction, although the results suggest an association, since V˙ O2max could prevent and attenuate the contagion symptoms and effects.

[Trend in Physical Activity Counseling and Cardiometabolic Diseases in Maule, Chile: COVID-19 Pre-Pandemic Study between 2012 and 2019]. / Tendencia de consejerías en actividad física y enfermedades cardiometabólicas en el Maule, Chile: estudio previo a pandemia por COVID-19 entre 2012 y 2019.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) practice reduces the adverse effects of COVID-19. PA counseling promotes healthy lifestyles and prevents cardiometabolic diseases. AIM: To assess the trend in cases of PA counseling and the cardiometabolic disease between 2012 and 2019 (before COVID-19) in a southern Chilean region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of Maule Region Health Service for 731.163 men, and 829.097 women aged < 10 to ≥ 65 years were analyzed. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) during the study period and the annual percentage change (APC) during intermediate periods, were calculated. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in PA counseling in women in the study period (AAPC: -13.6%). In the 2012-2017 period a significant decrease in counseling for total, men and women were observed (APC: -18.1, -16.5 and -19.1%, respectively). Obesity increased significantly in total, men and women in the 2012-2019 period (AAPC: 10.1, 8.5 and 10.7%, respectively). The same trend was observed for hypertension (AAPC: 8.1, 8.5 and 7.6% respectively) and elevated blood glucose (AAPC: 10, 11.5 and 9.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In the study period PA counseling decreased along with an increase in obesity, hypertension and high blood glucose. Increasing PA counseling is a mainstay in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases and probably to prevent contagion and complement the treatment of COVID-19.

Impacto de un contexto de pandemia sobre la calidad de vida de adultos jóvenes / Impact of a pandemic context on the quality of life of young adults

Introducción: La cuarentena y el aislamiento social son las medidas más recomendadas por las autoridades de salud con el objetivo de reducir la interacción social entre las personas y disminuir el riesgo de contagio por la COVID-19 en la comunidad. Sin embargo, estas restricciones y limitaciones pueden traer consecuencias en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de adultos jóvenes. Objetivo: Comparar la calidad de vida autorreportada entre un entorno sin pandemia vs. un contexto bajo alerta sanitaria por la COVID-19, en adultos jóvenes. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo; 157 adultos jóvenes (63 mujeres y 94 hombres), de entre 18 y 28 años, respondieron el cuestionario de salud SF-36 en 2 situaciones: contexto sin pandemia (septiembre de 2019) y contexto de pandemia (abril de 2020). El SF-36 incluye 36 preguntas agrupadas en 8 ítems: función física, rol físico, dolor corporal, salud general, vitalidad, función social, rol emocional y salud mental. Resultados: Al comparar las evaluaciones entre los contextos con y sin pandemia, se observó una disminución de la calidad de vida en las dimensiones vitalidad (p = 0,004), función social (p = 0,001), rol emocional (p = 0,001), salud mental (p = 0,003) y salud general (p = 0,001). Las dimensiones más alteradas fueron el rol emocional y la salud general, las cuales disminuyeron un 39,5 por ciento y 21,0 por ciento, respectivamente. Conclusión: La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de adultos jóvenes se ve disminuida en un contexto de cuarentena por la COVID-19, principalmente, en las dimensiones psicológicas y sociales(AU)

Introduction: Quarantine and social isolation are the actions most recommended by health authorities with the aim of reducing social interaction between people and reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection in the community. However, these restrictions and limitations can have consequences on the health-related quality of life of young adults. Objective: To compare the self-reported quality of life between a pandemic-free environment versus a context of COVID-19 pandemic in young adults. Methods: Retrospective study; 157 young adults (63 women and 94 men) between 18 and 28 years old answered the SF-36 health questionnaire in 2 situations: context without pandemic (September 2019) and context of pandemic (April 2020). The SF-36 includes 36 questions grouped into 8 items: physical function, physical role, body pain, general health, vitality, social function, emotional role, and mental health. Results: When comparing the evaluations between the contexts with and without a pandemic, a decrease in the quality of life was observed in the vitality dimensions (p = 0,004), social function (p = 0,001), emotional role (p = 0,001), health mental (p = 0,003) and general health (p = 0,001). The most altered dimensions were emotional role and general health, which decreased by 39,5 percent and 21,0 percent, respectively. Conclusions: This study determined that the health-related quality of life of young adults is diminished in context of quarantine by COVID-19, mainly in the psychological and social dimensions(AU)

Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Reference on the Six-Minute Walk Test and Oxygen Consumption in Adolescents from South-Central Chile.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) provides oxygen to the exercising muscles and is related to body adiposity, with cardiometabolic variables. The aim was to develop reference values and a predictive model of CRF in Chilean adolescents. A total of 741 adolescents of both genders (15.7 years old) participated in a basic anthropometry, performance in the six-minute walk test (SMWT), and in Course Navette was measured. Percentiles were determined for the SMWT, for the V̇O2max, and an equation was developed to estimate it. The validity of the equation was checked using distribution assumptions and the Bland-Altman diagram. The STATA v.14 program was used (p < 0.05). The 50th percentile values for males and females in the SMWT and in the V̇O2max of Course Navette were, respectively, from 607 to 690 and from 630 to 641 m, and from 43.9 to 45 and from 37.5 to 31.5 mlO2·kg·min-1, for the range of 13 to 17 years. For its part, the model to predict V̇O2max incorporated gender, heart rate, height, waist-to-height ratio (WHR), and distance in the SMWT (R2 = 0.62; estimation error = 0.38 LO2·min-1; p <0.001). Reference values can guide physical fitness in Chilean adolescents, and V̇O2max was possible to predict from morphofunctional variables.

¿Cuál es la asociación entre actividad física, sedentarismo y riesgo de desarrollar cáncer en población adulta? Una revisión de la literatura

RESUMEN La práctica regular de actividad física (AF) ha sido asociada a importantes beneficios metabólicos, como también a la disminución del riesgo de desarrollar algunos tipos de cáncer. El objetivo de esta revisión especial es sintetizar la evidencia científica existente sobre la asociación de los niveles de AF y el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer. Esto permitirá una mejor orientación a futuras políticas públicas destinada a aumentar los niveles de AF en la población chilena. Se buscaron los últimos reportes mundiales y nacionales sobre AF y cáncer en conjunto con una búsqueda de artículos científicos en las bases de datos de Pubmed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Medline, Scielo y Google Scholar utilizando las siguientes palabras claves: "Exercise», «Neoplasms», "Cancer", "Colorectal", "Breast", "Endometrium", "Physical activity", "Exercise", "Sedentary" and "Sports". Esta revisión entrega evidencia sobre la asociación de la AF con un menor riesgo de múltiples tipos de cáncer, incluyendo cáncer colorrectal, mama y endometrio, pero aún se necesita más investigación con relación a la asociación entre AF y otros tipos de cáncer.

ABSTRACT Regular physical activity (PA) has been associated with important metabolic benefits, as well as a decreased risk of developing some types of cancer. The objective of this scoping review is to synthesize the existing scientific evidence on the association of PA levels and the risk of developing cancer. This will allow a better orientation to future public policies aimed at increasing PA levels in the Chilean population. We searched for the latest global and national reports on PA and cancer as well as scientific databases (Pubmed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Medline, Scielo and Google Scholar) using the following keywords: "exercise", "neoplasms", "cancer", "colorectal", "breast", "endometrium", "physical activity", "exercise", "sedentary lifestyle" and "sports". Our review supports the protective association between PA and a lower risk of several cancers including colorectal, breast and endometrial cancer. However, more research is still needed to elucidate the role of PA on the risk for other common cancers.

Factores asociados a una baja calidad de vida en adultos chilenos durante la cuarentena por COVID-19

Background: The quarantine and social distancing implemented during COVID 19 pandemic may hamper the quality of life of the population. Aim: To determine the factors associated with a low quality of life during COVID 19 quarantine in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: The SF-36 survey about quality of life was answered by 1,082 Chilean adults aged between 18 and 60 years, who were quarantined by the COVID-19 health alert. Other variables studied were sociodemographic background, nutritional status, lifestyles, level of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep hours. Risk factors associated with low quality of life were identified by logistic regression analysis for each of the 8 dimensions evaluated in the SF-36 questionnaire. Results: The factors that increased the probability of having a lower general health perception were being female (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.29; p = 0.05), being physically inactive (OR = 2.76 p < 0.01), unhealthy hours of sleep (OR = 1.58, p < 0.01), smoking (OR = 1.59, p < 0.01) and eating junk food (OR = 2.26; p < 0.01). For the other dimensions of quality of life, the most frequently repeated factors were being female, junk food consumption, and being physically inactive and sedentary. Conclusions: There are factors associated with a low quality of life during the quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Chilean population. Their identification could reinforce remedial actions at the government level to benefit the health of the population during this health emergency.

[Cardiopulmonary capacity in healthy subjects measured by direct method and field test]. / Capacidad cardiopulmonar en sujetos sanos medida por método directo y prueba de campo.

The six-minute walk test has been generally applied in people with pathologies and some studies have proposed models to predict maximum oxygen consumption. Our objective was to elaborate on an equation to predict the maximum oxygen consumption in the six-minute walking test for university students. A hundred and forty people participated in this study. The six-minute walking test was applied and after on a gradual exercise test was performed to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. A multivariate equation was developed and the analysis was done using the SPSS v.22 program (p < 0.05). The predictive model include gender, age, body mass index, distance performed and heart rate recovery (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The equation fulfilled the assumptions of independence (p = 0.13), normality (p = 0.49) and homoscedasticity (p = 0.64). The Bland-Altman diagram indicated that there were no significant differences between the equation and the measurement of the maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.89), with a confidence interval of 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% CI [-0.72; 0.83]). The equation predicts the maximum oxygen consumption. It is suggested to evaluate university students considering biological and environmental differences between countries.

La prueba de caminata de seis minutos se ha aplicado generalmente en enfermos, y algunos estudios han propuesto modelos para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar una ecuación para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos para estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 140 estudiantes. Se aplicó el test de marcha y después se realizó una prueba de ejercicio gradual para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se elaboró una ecuación multivariada y el análisis se hizo con el programa SPSS v.22 (p < 0.05). El modelo predictivo incluyó el sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, distancia recorrida y la frecuencia cardíaca de recuperación (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). La ecuación cumplió con los supuestos de independencia (p = 0.13), de normalidad (p = 0.49) y de homocedasticidad (p = 0.64). El diagrama de Bland-Altman indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas entre la ecuación y la medición del consumo máximo de oxígeno (p = 0.89), con un intervalo de confianza de 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% IC [-0.72; 0.83]). La ecuación predice el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se sugiere evaluar estudiantes universitarios considerando diferencias biológicas y ambientales entre países.

Capacidad cardiopulmonar en sujetos sanos medida por método directo y prueba de campo / Cardiopulmonary capacity in healthy subjects measured by direct method and field test

Resumen La prueba de caminata de seis minutos se ha aplicado generalmente en enfermos, y algunos estudios han propuesto modelos para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar una ecuación para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos para estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 140 estudiantes. Se aplicó el test de marcha y después se realizó una prueba de ejercicio gradual para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se elaboró una ecuación multivariada y el análisis se hizo con el programa SPSS v.22 (p < 0.05). El modelo predictivo incluyó el sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, distancia recorrida y la frecuencia cardíaca de recuperación (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). La ecuación cumplió con los supuestos de independencia (p = 0.13), de normalidad (p = 0.49) y de homocedasticidad (p = 0.64). El diagrama de Bland-Altman indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas entre la ecuación y la medición del consumo máximo de oxígeno (p = 0.89), con un intervalo de confianza de 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% IC [-0.72; 0.83]). La ecuación predice el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se sugiere evaluar estudiantes universitarios considerando diferencias biológicas y ambientales entre países.

Abstract The six-minute walk test has been generally applied in people with pathologies and some studies have proposed models to predict maximum oxygen consumption. Our objective was to elaborate on an equation to predict the maximum oxygen consumption in the six-minute walking test for university students. A hundred and forty people participated in this study. The six-minute walking test was applied and after on a gradual exercise test was performed to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. A multivariate equation was developed and the analysis was done using the SPSS v.22 program (p < 0.05). The predictive model include gender, age, body mass index, distance performed and heart rate recovery (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The equation fulfilled the assumptions of independence (p = 0.13), normality (p = 0.49) and homoscedasticity (p = 0.64). The Bland-Altman diagram indicated that there were no significant differences between the equation and the measurement of the maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.89), with a confidence interval of 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% CI [-0.72; 0.83]). The equation predicts the maximum oxygen consumption. It is suggested to evaluate university students considering biological and environmental differences between countries.

Control postural en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad: una revisión de la literatura / Postural control in children with overweight and obesity: A review of literature

RESUMEN El sobrepeso y obesidad infantil se han convertido en un problema de salud a nivel mundial. A medida que la incidencia y la gravedad del sobrepeso y la obesidad siguen aumentando en niños y niñas, la determinación de los efectos fisiológicos y consecuencias funcionales se hacen cada vez más importantes. Estas últimas han sido las menos estudiadas, subestimándose su impacto sobre el desempeño motor. El control postural juega un papel importante en el desarrollo motor del niño, ya que es necesario para lograr nuevas posturas en etapas tempranas de la vida y para la adquisición de habilidades motoras más complejas. Esta revisión revela que los niños y niñas con sobrepeso y obesidad presentan un déficit del control postural evidenciado principalmente a partir de evaluaciones estáticas en una plataforma de fuerza y el análisis de la excursión del centro de presión. Entre las causas de la alteración del equilibrio en los niños y niñas con exceso de peso destaca la interacción de factores mecánicos, sensoriales y neuromusculares. Un pobre control postural provocaría un aumento del riesgo de caídas y lesiones, retraso en el desarrollo motor, limitaciones de la movilidad, alteración de la marcha y dificultad para la adquisición de otras habilidades motoras.

ABSTRACT Overweight and childhood obesity have become a global health problem. As the incidence and severity of overweight and obesity in children continue to rise, determining the physiological effects and functional consequences are becoming increasingly important. The latter have been the least studied, underestimating its impact on motor performance. Postural control plays an important role in the motor development of the child, as it is necessary to achieve new postures in the early stages of life and to acquire more complex motor skills. This review reveals that children with overweight and obesity have a deficit of postural control evidenced mainly from static assessments in a force platform and the analysis of the excursion of the center of pressure. Among the causes of impaired balance in overweight children is the interaction of mechanical, sensory and neuromuscular factors. Poor postural control would lead to an increased risk of falls and injuries, delayed motor development, limited mobility, impaired gait, and difficulty in acquiring other motor skills.

Comparación de la calidad de vida en estudiantes universitarios según nivel de actividad física / Comparison of quality of life in university students with different levels of physical activity

Introducción: Los universitarios son susceptibles a estilos de vida poco saludables, los que podrían deterior su calidad de vida (CV). Objetivo: Comparar la CV en estudiantes universitarios según su nivel de actividad física (AF). Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Participaron 126 estudiantes universitarios de ambos sexos de las facultades de salud, educación e ingeniería de tres universidades de Talca (Chile). La CV fue evaluada mediante el cuestionario WHOQOL-BREF. Se aplicó la t de student para muestras independientes para comparar los dominios de la CV y las características basales entre los grupos. El tamaño del efecto se calculó con la d de Cohen. Resultados: Los universitarios inactivos presentaron mayor índice de masa corporal (IMC) (p=0,041), en contraste, los universitarios activos mostraron una puntuación significativamente mayor que los inactivos en CV global (p=0,002; d=0,67), CV en salud (p=0,013; d=0,50), dominio físico (p=0,038; d=0,43), psicológico (p=0,003; d=0,63) y medio ambiente (p=0,001; d=0,80). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes universitarios activos (moderado/alto nivel de AF) presentan mejor CV global y en salud, además presentan mejor puntuación en CV en los dominios físico, psicológico medio ambiente al compararlos con estudiantes inactivos.

Introduction: University students are susceptible to unhealthy lifestyles, which could deteriorate their quality of life (QL). Objective: To compare the QL in university students who have different levels of physical activity (PA). Materials and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study that included 126 university students of both sexes from Health, Education and Engineering programs of three universities in Talca (Chile). The QL was assessed through the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. A student's t-test of independent samples was used to compare both the domains of the QL and the baseline characteristics between the groups. The effect size was calculated with Cohen's d. Results: Inactive university students had a higher body mass index (BMI) (p=0.041). In contrast, active students showed significantly higher scores than inactive ones in overall QL (p=0.002; d=0.67), health QL (p=0.013; d=0.50), physical domain (0.038; d=0.43), psychological domain (p=0.003; d=0.63) and environment domain (p=0.001; d=0.80). Conclusions: Active university students (with moderate and high PA levels) have better overall and health QL. They also have better QL scores in the physical, psychological and environmental domains when compared to inactive students.

[Factors associated with low quality of life in Chilean adults during the COVID-19 quarantine]. / Factores asociados a una baja calidad de vida en adultos chilenos durante la cuarentena por COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The quarantine and social distancing implemented during COVID 19 pandemic may hamper the quality of life of the population. AIM: To determine the factors associated with a low quality of life during COVID 19 quarantine in Chilean adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The SF-36 survey about quality of life was answered by 1,082 Chilean adults aged between 18 and 60 years, who were quarantined by the COVID-19 health alert. Other variables studied were sociodemographic background, nutritional status, lifestyles, level of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep hours. Risk factors associated with low quality of life were identified by logistic regression analysis for each of the 8 dimensions evaluated in the SF-36 questionnaire. RESULTS: The factors that increased the probability of having a lower general health perception were being female (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.29; p = 0.05), being physically inactive (OR = 2.76 p < 0.01), unhealthy hours of sleep (OR = 1.58, p < 0.01), smoking (OR = 1.59, p < 0.01) and eating junk food (OR = 2.26; p < 0.01). For the other dimensions of quality of life, the most frequently repeated factors were being female, junk food consumption, and being physically inactive and sedentary. CONCLUSIONS: There are factors associated with a low quality of life during the quarantine of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Chilean population. Their identification could reinforce remedial actions at the government level to benefit the health of the population during this health emergency.

Four Weeks of Neuromuscular Training Improve Static and Dynamic Postural Control in Overweight and Obese Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Thirty-two children with overweight or obesity were randomly divided into a neuromuscular training group (NTG) (n = 16) and a control group (CG) (n = 16). All individuals participated in the measurement of static postural control under two conditions: the double-leg stance with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). The center of pressure variables was obtained. mSEBT was used for dynamic postural control. Neuromuscular training was performed twice per week and lasted 4 weeks. The results of this study indicate that 4 weeks of neuromuscular training improve static and dynamic postural control in children with excess body weight.

Un modelo para predecir el consumo de oxígeno según signos vitales y hábitos de vida en estudiantes universitarios / A model to predict maximal oxygen uptake using vital signs and lifestyles in university students

Background Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 max) is measured using maximal and submaximal exercise tests or can be predicted using demographic variables, body adiposity, vital signs and lifestyles. Aim To elaborate an equation to predict the V̇O 2 max in the absence of cardiopulmonary test in university students. Material and Methods V̇O 2 max was measured directly using a cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill in 121 students aged 22 ± 2 years (59 males). Data about drug and medication use, physical activity [PA], vital signs at rest, and basic anthropometry were collected. The independent variables were included in a multivariate equation and the validity of the model was checked through distribution assumptions and according to the concordance limits of the Bland-Altman diagram. Results The best predictive equation for V̇O 2 max incorporated sex, age, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, smoking habits and PA as independent variables. The distributional assumptions were fulfilled (p > 0.05), there were no differences between the equation and the measurement of V̇O 2 max (p = 0.854) with a bias of -0.08 ml·kg·min -1 (95% confidence intervals [-0.95; 0.78]). Conclusions The resulting equation predicts V̇O 2 max based on body adiposity, physiological parameters and life habits.